Compression and/or expansion system and circuit

ABSTRACT

A compression and/or expansion system comprises fixed frequency characteristic changing means having a specific fixed frequencyresponse characteristic which increases or decreases the level of an input signal in a predetermined frequency band. A variable frequency characteristic changing means has a characteristic which varies so that it approaches a characteristic complimentary with the characteristic of the fixed frequency characteristic change means as the level of the input signal becomes larger and approaches a flat characteristic as the level of the signal becomes smaller. The signal is effectively compressed or expanded according to its level by passing through the fixed and variable frequency characteristic change means.

Unite ates Talrahashi et a1, [45] Map, 5, 1974 COMPRESSIQN AND/0R EXPANSION [56] References Cited SYSTEM AND UNITED STATES PATENTS [75] Inventors: Nobuald Takahashi, Yamato; 3,278,866 10/1966 Bose 333/17 Kazulnori Nishilkawa, Fujisawa; 3,535,550 10/1970 Kang Yukigmbu lshigaki, Yamalo; Yasm 3,304,369 2/1967 Dreyfus 333/14 X Itch, Tokyo; Yoshitoshi Fujita, Fujisawa, all of Japan Primary ExaminerPaul L. Gensler [73] Assignee: Victor Company of Japan, Ltd.,

Yokohama-City, Kanagawa-ken, [57] AgsTRACT Japan compression and/or expansion system mprises [22] Filed: Apt 4 1972 fixed frequency characteristic changing means having a specific fixed frequency-response characteristic [21] Appl. No.: 241,026 which increases or decreases the level of an input signal in a predetermined frequency band. A variable fre- [30] Foreign Application Prion-lay Dam quency characteristic changing means has a characteristlc which varies so that it approaches a characteristic Apr. 6, 1971 Japan 46/21258 complimentary with the characteristic of the fixed June 197] Japan 46/399247 quency characteristic change means as the level of the Oct. 19, 1971 Japan 46/82618 input Signal becomes larger and approaches a flat characteristic as the level of the signal becomes [52] US. Cl. 333/114, 179/1 P, 325/62, Smallen The signal is effectively compressed or 1] Int C 330/86 gifl i l panded according to its level by passing through the I n I I n p p 1 1 i I I f d d f h t t h [58] Field 0fSea1rch.. 330/86, 94, 132, 145; 333/14, mm 6 requency c we ens C ange 333/17; 179/1 F, l P; 325/62 means.

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sum 130F13 COMPRESSION AND/OR EXPANSION SYSTEM AND CIRCUIT ing the signal to noise ratio by using a compressor and an expandor;

A signal transmission system of the type contem-' plated herein, includes a communication system in which a signal is transmitted and received, and a recording and reproducing system in which a signal is recorded on and reproduced from a recording medium such as a magnetic tape or a record disc. A known method for reducing noise in such a system adopts a compression and expansion system, which employs a compressor and an expandor.

The applicants of the present application have already proposed a compression and expansion system of the following construction, as a co-pending patent application Ser. No. 149,687. A compressor, and a control circuit for controlling the compressor in response to the output of the compressor, are provided on the signal transmission side. An expandor, and a control circuit for controlling the expandor in response to the input to the expandor, are provided on the signal receiving side. The compressor has a variable attenuation network including a control element. The expandor is constructed as a negative feedback amplifier including a control element in its negative feedback loop. If the input signal to the compressor is expressed as X, the output signal of the compressor (i.e. the input signal to the expandor) as Y, the output signal of the expandor as Z, the compression ratio in the compres sor as K, the amplification degree of the expandor as g A and the feedback ratio as B, and the relationship between the compression ratio K and the feedback ratio [3 is selected to be K ,8, the relationship between the input and output signals X and Y of the compressor may be expressed by the equation (l) The relationship between the input and output signals Y and Z may be expressed by the equation Z=(AY/l +AB) (2) If a relationship A l is satisfied in the equation (2), the equation (2) may also be expressed as (3) From the equations l and (3) under the condition of K B, the relationship between the output of the expandor and the input of the compressor will be istics of gain control elements provided in the compressor and expandor. This will be explained more in detail hereinbelow. Semiconductor elements (e.g. a transistor and a FET) commonly used as control elements have a characteristic whereby they show a large value of resistance when a control signal voltage is small and a small value of resistance when the control signal voltage is large. On the other hand, a control signal v. resistance characteristic required for the compressor and the expandor is opposite to the above described characteristic of semiconductor elements. Hence, semiconductors by themselves are not suitable for use as the control elements in the compressor and expandor. As a method to overcome this problem, a suitable bias is applied to the base of a transistor. A negative control signal voltage which increases in a negative direction with the level 'of the signal is applied to the base of the transistor. According to this method, the voltage at the base of the transistor changes in a negative direction as the level of the signal increases and the resistance between its collector and emitter increases.

However, the value of the internal resistance of the semiconductor elements changes greatly when an AC signal voltage is applied across the internal resistance, even ifa constant control voltage is applied to the elements. The higher the internal resistance, the larger the change in the value of internal resistance. If a transistor is used in the above described manner, a large AC signal voltage is applied to a portion in which the transistor shows a high internal resistance. As a result, a large distortion occurs in the signal. Further, if a transistor is used in the above described manner, and when the level of the AC signal voltage is low, the variation in the internal resistance is a gradual inclination relative to the variation in the control signal voltage. This characteristic, however, is inconvenient for the control characteristic required for the compressor and the expandor.

In order to overcome these difficulties, a circuit has been proposed which includes a semiconductor element having the aforementioned control signal voltage v. internal resistnace characteristic. The semiconductor element is inserted as a control element in one path of a bridge circuit. This circuit, however, tends to introduce a nonlinear distortion into the signal, particularly into its low frequency signal component, due to existence of the semiconductor elements in the circuit.

It is, therefore, a general object of this invention to overcome the above described problems and provide novel and useful compression and/or expansion system and circuit.

Another object of the invention is to provide compression and/or expansion system and circuit which are capable of effectively utilizing a characteristic of a control element consisting of a semiconductor which varies its impedance in accordance with a control signal voltage applied thereto. Variable frequency characteristic change means, including control elements, change their characteristic in accordance with a control signal voltage applied thereto. The characteristic approaches a flat characteristic as the level of an input signal becomes smaller, and it departs from the flat characteristic (i.e. increases or decreases) as the level of the signal becomes larger. The system is also provided with a fixed frequency characteristic change circuit which has a fixed characteristic complimentary with the characteristic of the variable frequency characteristic change means when the level of the signal is large. The signal which has passed through these fixed and variable frequency characteristic change circuits has a resultant characteristic which is close to the flat characteristic if the level of the signal is large and is increased or decreased if the level of the signal is small. Thus, compression or expansion is made and noise is effectively reduced.

A further object of the invention is to provide a system and a circuit which divides the whole band into plural frequency bands, in which noise is to be reduced, and compresses or expands the signal by each frequency band. The variable frequency characteristic change circuit corresponding to each frequency band is controlled by a control signal generated by a corresponding control circuit. Each control circuit has filter means the passing band of which is different from the other filter means.

A still further object of the invention is to provide a compressor and expandor which consist of very simple circuits in the frequency division type compression and expansion system.

Other objects and features of the invention will become apparent from the description made hereinbelow with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a first embodiment of the compression and expansion system, according to the invention;

FIGS. 2A and 2B are graphic diagrams showing one embodiment of the frequency-response characteristic of the compressor and the expandor shown in FIG. 1;

FIGS. 3A and 3B are graphic diagrams showing another embodiment of the frequency-response characteristic of the compressor and the expandor;

FIGS. 4A and 4B are respectively circuit diagrams of one embodiment of the circuit of the compressor and the expandor shown in FIG. 1;

FIGS. 5A and 5B are respectively circuit diagrams of another embodiment of the circuits of the compressor and the expandor shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 6 is a graphic diagram showing a frequencyresponse characteristic;

FIGS. 7A, 7B and 8A, 8B are respectively circuit diagrams of still another embodiment of the circuits of the compressor and the expandor shown in FIG. 1;

FIGS. 9A and 9B are respectively circuit diagrams of concrete embodiments of the electrical circuits of the compressor and the expandor;

FIG. 10 is a block diagram of a second embodiment of the compression and expansion system according to the invention;

FIGS. 11A, 11B, 11C and 11D are graphic diagrams respectively showing the frequency-response characteristic of each frequency characteristic change circuit shown in FIG. 10;

FIGS. 12A to 12D are circuit diagrams showing embodiments of electrical circuits of the frequency characteristic change circuits shown in FIG. 10;

FIG. 13 is a block diagram showing a modification of the second embodiment shown in FIG. 10;

FIG. 14 is a circuit diagram showing one concrete embodiment of the electrical circuit of the block diagram shown in FIG. 13;

FIG. 15 is a circuit diagram showing another concrete embodiment of the electrical circuit of the block diagram shown in FIG. 13;

FIG. 16 is a block diagram of a third embodiment of the compression and expansion system according to the invention;

FIGS. 17A to 17D are graphic diagrams respectively showing the frequency-response characteristic of each frequency characteristic change circuit shown in FIG. 16;

FIGS. 18 to 20 are circuit diagrams respectively showing concrete embodiments of electrical circuits of the fixed frequency characteristic change circuits shown in the block diagram shown in FIG. 16; and

FIG. 21 is a graphic diagram showing frequencyresponse characteristics of the circuits shown in FIGS. 18 to 20.

Referring first to FIG. 1, one preferred embodiment of the compression and expansion system, according to the invention, will be described. On a transmission side (or a recording side), a signal supplied from a signal source to an input terminal 10 is transmitted through a fixed frequency characteristic change circuit 11 and a variable frequency characteristic change circuit 12. The signal is compressed in these circuits. The signal is thereafter transmitted to a recording and reproducing system including a recording medium or a transmission channel 13 (hereinafter referred to as a transmission system). When the transmission system 13 is a recording and reproducing system, the signal is recorded on a recording medium. The output of the frequency characteristic change circuit 12 is also supplied to a control circuit 14 (surrounded by a broken line). The output control voltage signal of the control circuit 14 is applied to the frequency characteristic change circuit 12. The control circuit 14 includes a high-pass filter or a band-pass filter 15, an amplifier 16 and a signal level detection circuit (an envelope detector) 17. The signal, which has passed the filter 15, is amplified in the amplifier 16 and thereafter is supplied to the detection circuit 17. In the detection circuit 17, the envelope of the signal is detected. The output signal voltage of the detection circuit 17 corresponds to the level of the signal having the predetermined band which has passed through the filter 15. This output signal voltage is supplied to the frequency characteristic change circuit 12 as the output control signal voltage of the control circuit 14. The frequency characteristic change variable resistive circuit 12 comprises a circuit having a control element. The variable resistance changes responsive to an application of the control signal voltage to the control element, which is connected in series with a capacitor. When the control signal voltage is applied to the circuit 12, the frequency-response characteristic thereof changes as will be described later. A compressor is composed of the frequency characteristic change circuits 1] and 12 and the control circuit 14.

The frequency characteristic change circuit 11 has a specified frequency response characteristic which is proper to the circuit. As shown by curves .1, and J respectively in FIGS. 2A and 3A, the response is more pronounced in a predetermined frequency band. If the transmission system 13 is a recording and reproducing system, such as a magnetic tape device, the fixed characteristic of the frequency characteristic change circuit 11 should preferably be a standardized one.

The frequency characteristic change circuit 12 changes, upon application thereto of a control signal from the control circuit 14. Its frequency-response characteristic varies in accordance with the output control signal of the control circuit 14. The variance is between a characteristic such as that shown by a curve K, or K in FIG. 2A or FIG. 3A and a flat characteristic. The curve K, or K is complementary with the aforementioned characteristic curve J, or J The decreased characteristic K, or K increases and approaches the flat characteristic as the control signal voltage decreases, and decreases its response as the control signal voltage increases. When the control signal voltage is at the maximum, the characteristic K, or K, becomes entirely complimentary with the characteristic J, or 1,.

The signal which has been transmitted through the transmission system 13 (or reproduced from the recording medium in case the transmission system is a recording and reproducing system) is expanded through a variable frequency characteristic change circuit l8 and a fixed frequency characteristic change circuit l9 and thereafter appears at an output terminal 20. The signal which has been transmitted through the transmission system 13 is also supplied to a control circuit 21, surrounded by a broken line. The output control signal voltage of the control circuit 21 is applied to the frequency characteristic change circuit 18. The control circuit 21 comprises a high-pass filter or bandpass filter 22, an amplifier 23 and a signal level detection circuit (an envelope detector) 24. Circuit 21 provides a control signal voltage in the same manner as in the control circuit 14. An expandor is composed of the frequency characteristic change circut 18, 19 and the control circuit 21.

The frequency characteristic change circuit 19 has a predetermined frequency-response characteristic such that the response decreases in a predetermined frequency band as shown by a curve N, or N in FIG. 2B of FIG. 38 respectively. The characteristics N, and N, are complimentary with the characteristics .1, and J of the frequency characteristic change circuit 11 in the compressor.

The frequency characteristic change circuit 18 is controlled responsive to an application thereto of a control signal from the control circuit 21. Its frequency-response characteristic thus changes in accordance with the output control signal of the control circuit 21. The change is between a characteristic such as is shown by a curve M, or M in FIG. 2B or FIG. 3B. These curves are complimentary with the aforementioned characteristic curve N, or N with respect to a flat characteristic. The characteristic M, or M, approaches the flat characteristic as the control signal voltage decreases, and increases the response as the control voltage increases. When the control signal voltage is at the maximum, the characteristic M, or M becomes entirely complimentary with the characteristic N, or N,,.

It will be understood that the frequency band which is the object of compression and expansion by the compressor and expandor is a frequency band in which noise is to be reduced.

The frequency response which is the object of noise reduction in a compressor should be changed from an increasing characteristic to a flat one, in accordance with increase in the level of a signal (when the level of the signal decreases, the reverse is the case). Again, the frequency response which is the object of noise reduction in an expandor should be changed from a decreasing characteristic to a flat one, in accordance with increase in the level of a signal.

The compressor of the circuit, according to the present invention, uses the circuit 11 in which the characteristic .I, or J is always reinforced in its response in the frequency band which is the object of noise reduction. In the circuit 12 the characteristic K, or K, decreases as the level of the signal increases. Accordingly, the combined frequency characteristic of the circuit l1 and the circuit 12 becomes a characteristic in which response approaches a flat characteristic from a reinforced one, as the level of the signal increases. This characteristic satisfies the aforementioned requirement of the compressor. The expandor uses the circuit 19 in which the characteristic N, or N, always decreases the response in the frequency band which is the object of noise reduction. In the circuit 18, the characteristic M, or M increases the response as the level of the signal increases. Accordingly, the combined frequency, characteristic of the circuit 18 and the circuit 19 provides a characteristic in which the response approaches a flat characteristic from a decreasing one, as the level of the signal increases. This characteristic satisfies the aforementioned requirement of the expandor.

It is to be noted that the circuit 12 has the characteristic that the response decreases as the level of the signal increases; whereas the circuit 18 has the characteristic that the response increases as the level of the signal increases. Hence, even if semiconductor elements are used as a control element, any variation in the level of a signal does not cause a distortion in the signal over a desired frequency band. Frequency response can be varied in a desired manner.

FIG. 4A shows a concrete embodiment of the electric circuit of a compressor including the frequency characteristic change circuit 11 and 12 which, respectively, have the frequency-response characteristics J, and K, shown in FIGv 2A, FIG. 4B shows a concrete embodiment of the electric circuit diagram of the expandor including the frequency characteristic change circuits l8 and 19 which, respectively, have the frequencyresponse characteristics M, and N, shown in FIG. 2B.

In FIG. 4A, the circuit 11 includes a transistor 30, a resistor 31, coil 32, capacitor 33 and resistor 34, respectively, connected to the emitter of the transistor 30. The circuit 12 includes a resistor 35, coil 36, capacitor 3'7 and variable resistor 38 respectively connected to the collector of the transistor 30. The control circuit 14 is connected between the output line of the collector of the transistor 30 and the slider of the variable resistor 38.

In FIG. 4B, the circuit 18 includes a transistor 39, resistor 40, coil 41, capacitor 42 and variable resistor 43. The circuit 19 includes a resistor 44, coil 45, capacitor 46 and resistor 47, respectively, connected to the collector of the transistor 33. The control circuit 21 is connected between the base of the transistor 39 and the slider of the variable resistor 43. The variable resistors 38 and 43, if equivalently expressed, are control elements of semiconductor devices.

Values of resistance of the resistors 31 (44), 40 (35) and 34 (47) are represented by Ra, Rb and Re, values of capacitance of the capacitors 33 (46) and 42 (37) by Ca and Ch, values ofinductance of the coils 32 (45) and 41 (36) by La and Lb, and the minimum values of resistance of the variable resistors 38 and 43 by VRmin respectively. Constant of each circuit element is selected so as to satisfy the equation RazRb RczVRmin CbzCa Lazl b According to the above described construction, the compressor and the expandor operate so that the frequency-response characteristic becomes flat when the level of an input signal exceeds a predetermined signal level at which the values of resistance (values of internal resistance) of the variable resistors 38 and 43 become VRmin. In case the level of the input signal is below the predetermined signal level, the compressor and the expandor operate so that the response is reinforced in the compressor and decreased in the expandor, as the level of the input signal decreases. The frequency band in which the frequency response can vary is determined by the coil 32 and the capacitor 33 or by the coil 41 and the capacitor 42.

FIG. A shows a concrete embodiment of the electrical circuit diagram of the compressor including the frequency characteristic change circuits 11 and 12, which respectively have the frequency-response characteristics J and K shown in FIG. 3A FIG. 5B shows a concrete embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 5A. A concrete embodiment of the electrical circuit diagram of the expandor including the frequency characteristic change circuits l8 and 19 which respectively have the frequency-response characteristics M N shown in FIG. 3B.

In FIG. 5A, the circuit 11 includes a resistor 50 which is connected in parallel with a resistor 51, and a capacitor 52. The circuit 12 includes a resistor 53 which is connected in parallel with a capacitor 54 and a variable resistor 55. An amplifier 56 is connected to the output of the circuit 11. The control circuit 14 is connected between the output of the amplifier 56 and the slider of the variable resistor 55.

In FIG. 5B, the circuit 18 includes a resistor 57 which is and a capacitor 58 and a variable resistor 59 which are connected in parallel with a capacitor 58 and a variable resistor 59. The slider of the variable resistor 59 is connected to the control circuit 21. The circuit 19 is connected to the output of an amplifier 60 and includes a resistor 61 which is connected in parallel with a resistor 62 and a capacitor 63, which are connected in parallel with the resistor. The circuits l9 and 18 compose a negative feedback circuit to the amplifier 60. The variable resistors 55 and 59, equivalently expressed, are resistance values of the control elements of semiconductor devices.

Values of resistance of the resistors 50(61), 53 (57) and 51 (62) are represented by Ra, Rb and Re, values of capacitance of the capacitors 52 (63) and 54 (58) by Ca and Cb and values of resistance of the variable resistors 55 (59) by VRmin respectively. Constant of each circuit element is selected so as to satisfy the equation;

Ra Rb= Rc VRmin =Cb Ca.

According to the above construction, the compressor and the expandor operate in the same manner as in the previously described embodiment. The frequencyresponse characteristic becomes flat when the level of an input signal exceeds a predetermined signal level at which the values of resistance of the variable resistors (i.e. control elements) 55 and 59 become VRmin. If the level of the input signal is below the predetermined signal level, the compressor and the expandor also operate in the same manner as in the previously described embodiment so that response is reinforced in the compressor and is decreased in the expandor.

The circuit 11 may be designed to raise the level of a signal in high frequencies, by adB, above the level I ofa signal in low frequencies as shown in FIG. 6, and the circuit 12 to lower the level ofa signal in high frequencies, by adB, below the level I when the value of resistance of the control element 55 is at the minimum. For these circuits 11 and 12 to reinforce or decrease only the signal components in a required frequency band, the constant of each circuit element in the circuits should be selected in accordance with the following equations:

wheref andf are frequencies at inflexion points of the characteristic curve, and n is a coefficient which is about 2 when or is in the order of IO dB and 4 when a: is in the order of 14 dB.

In the circuit 12, the resistor 53 has a resistance value which is l/n of that of the resistor 50. The resistor 53 is connected in parallel with the capacitor 54 and a series control element 55. Consequently, an AC signal voltage applied to the control element 55 is effectively reduced due to existence of the capacitor 54 and the resistor 53. Accordingly, even if the level of the signal applied to the circuit 11 is high, the control element 55 does not introduce any distortion due to the control element 55 is introduced into the signal. The circuit 11 can provide an output of a sufficient signal level to the next stage.

FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B respectively show embodiments of the compressor and the expandor, which eliminate the coils 32, 36, 41 and 45 which are used in the embodiments shown in FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B. In each figure, the same circuit elements are designated by the same reference numerals, and the description thereof will be omitted.

FIG. 8A and FIG. 88 respectively show still other embodiments of the compressor and expandor. In the compressor shown in FIG. 8A, a signal is previously reinforced in its level, in high frequencies, by a circuit 11 including resistors 50 and 51 and a capacitor 52, which are connected in the negative feedback circuit of a negative feedback amplifier 56. The amount of decrease, in the signal level in the high frequency band, can be varied by a circuit 12 including a resistor 53, a capacitor 54 and a control element 55 which are connected to the input of the amplifier 56. In the expandor shown in FIG. 8B, the level of the signal is previously reduced in the high frequencies by a circuit 19 including resistors 61, 62 and a capacitor 63, which are connected to the input of an amplifier 60. The amount of increase in the signal level in the high frequency band can be varied by a circuit 18 including a resistor 57, a capacitor 58 and a control element 59, which are connected in the negative feedback circuit of the amplifier 60.

FIG. 9A and F16. 9B respectively show more detailed embodiments of the electrical circuits of the compressor and the expandor. In these embodiments, field effect transistors (FET) 70 and 71, respectively, are used as control elements. Parts of the circuits cor responding to each block shown in FIG. 1 are designated by the same reference numerals.

In the above described embodiment, the input signal to the control circuit 14 is provided by the circuit 12. This input signal may be obtained from the input to the circuit 11. Again, the input signal to the control circuit 21 may be obtained from the output therefor of the circuit 19. instead of from the input to the circuit 18. Further, the order of connection between the circuits I1 and 12 and that between the circuits 18 and 19 may be reversed.

Next to be described is the second embodiment of the system according to the invention.

If compression and expansion operations are made evenly over a whole frequency band (or a broader frequency band) of a signal, the whole compression and expansion operations are dominated by a signal component of a frequency band having high energy. Consequently, variationin a vertical direction in the noise level of the signal in a frequency band, which is spaced apart in frequency from the frequency band in which the compression and expansion operations are made by the change in the level of the signal, is clearly perceived accoustically. Besides, in order to give a sufficient smoothing effect even to the lowest frequency in the frequency band which is the object of control, and thereby prevent the occurrence ofa distortion, the time constant of the smoothing circuit in the control circuit must be selected at a large value. Hence, the response time of the circuit necessarily becomes long resulting in variation in the noise level which is very unpleasant to the ear.

With a view to eliminate this disadvantage, a compression and expansion system of a band division type has been proposed. According to this type of system,

an input signal is divided into a plurality of frequency bands. The compression and expansion are made separately with respect to each divided frequency band. There are two types in this band division type compression and expansion system, i.e., a series type and a parallel one.

The series band division type of compression and expansion system includes a plurality of compressors (or expandors) having mutually different operative frequency bands which are connected in series. This system, however, is disadvantageous. A compression (or expansion) characteristic in each compressor (or expandor), in frequencies in the vicinity of the boundary of two adjacent operative frequency bands, appears as a sum of the characteristics of the two compressors (or expandors) connected in series with each other. Moreover, the system tends to make an erroneous operation due to noise. Accordingly, this system is not suitable for use in a high fidelity reproducing apparatus.

A proposal has been made to overcome the above disadvantages of the series type system by connecting, in parallel, a plurality of compressors (or expandors) having mutually different operative frequency hands. This system will be explained more in detail, taking, for example, a construction in which a plurality of compressors (or expandors) each of which is connected in series either with a high-pass filter, a band-pass filter or a low-pass filter are connected in parallel with each other.

Let us assume that an input signal to the compressor has a frequency f, which is slightly higher than the upper limit cut-off frequency of the low-pass filter, i.e. the lower limit cut-off frequency of the band-pass filter is ofa high level. The signal having the frequency f is within the passing band of the band-pass filter and out of the passing band of the low-pass filter. Accordingly, this signal, having the frequencyf is applied as a signal of a high level to the compressor connected to the band-pass filter where it is not subject to a compressing action. Whereas it is also applied as a signal of low level to the compressor connected to the low-pass filter where it is subject to the compressing action. As a result, the signal having the frequency f, is transmitted to a transmission system as a sum signal of the signal which has been subject to the compressing action and the signal which has not been subject to the compressing action.

The signal having the frequency f, which has been transmitted through the transmission system, is now subject to an expanding action in the expandor connected to the band-pass filter. This expandor, connected to the band-pass filter, should exercise the expanding action only to the signal which has passed through the compressor connected to the band-pass filter. The expandor actually receives the sum signal of the signal which has not been subject to the compres siong action and the signal which has been subject to the compressing action, as described above. Accordingly, the operation of the compressor connected to the band-pass filter on the compressor side and that of the expandor connected to the band-pass filter on the expandor side do not correspond to each other. This results in an unbalance between the input signal and the output signal in the whole compression and expansion system.

To overcome this problem, it is conceivable to make the cut-off characteristic of each filter steep. The steep cut-off characteristic of each filter, however, causes a difference in delay-time between the filters. This causes a phase error in the signal and a considerable deterioration in a synthetic frequency characteristic of the composite signal of the filtered signals. Besides, it is difficult to design and manufacture a filter which has such a steep cut-off characteristic. Further, if the transmission system is a recording and reproducing system using a record disc or a magnetic disc as a recording medium, the frequency of the reproduced signal varies slightly due to variations in rotational speed or running speed of the recording medium. This causes a signal having a frequency, in the vicinity of the cut-off frequency, to vary between the passing bands of the two filters, due to the aforementioned variation in the speed, even if a filter having a steep cut-off characteristic is successfully designed. Consequently, the input signal and the output signal become entirely different from each other.

FIG. 10 shows a new band division type of compression and expansion system, which has eliminated the disadvantages of the prior art band division type compression and expansion system, will be described as a second embodiment of the present invention.

On the compressor side, a signal from an input terminal is supplied to fixed frequency characteristic change circuit 11a, 11b and llc. The fixed frequency characteristic change circuits 11a to 11c respectively have, as the fixed frequency characteristic change circuit 11 in the above described first embodiment, specified fixed frequency-response characteristics Ja, Jb and Jr in which response of the respective frequency band which is the object of control is increased as shown in FIG. 11A. The circuit 11a may have a characteristic of a high-pass filter, the circuit 11b that of a band-pass filter, and the circuit 11c that of a low-pass filter.

The signal which has passed through the frequency characteristic change circuits 11a to 11c is supplied separately to variable frequency-charactristie change circuits 12a, 12b and 12c. The frequency characteristic change circuits 12a to 12c include control elements which change, as those in the variable frequency characteristic change circuit 12. Then impedance changes in response to control signal voltages applied thereto from respective control circuits 14a, 14b and 140. The frequency characteristic change circuits 12a to 12c change their frequency-response characteristics by application thereto of the control signal voltages. Their frequency-response characteristics vary in accordance with the output control signals of the control circuits 14a to 14c. The variances are between flat characteristics and characteristics such as those shown by curves Ka, Kb and Kc in FIG. 118. The curves Ka to Kc are complementary with the aforementioned characteristic curves Ju to .lc. The decreased characteristics Ka to Kc increase and approach the first characteristics as the control signal voltages decrease. These characteristics decrease their responses as the control signal voltages increase. When the control signal voltages are at a maximum, the characteristics Ka to Kc become entirely complementary with the characteristics In to .lc.

The signals which have been compressed through the frequency characteristic change circuits 12a to 12c are combined together and transmitted through a transmission system 13 to an expandor. On the expandor side, the signals transmitted through the transmission system 13 are applied to variable frequency characteristic change circuits 18a, 18b and 18c. The frequency characteristic change circuits 18a to 18c include, as in the variable frequency characteristic change circuit 18 in the first embodiment, control elements which change their impedance in response to the control signal voltages applied from respective control circuits 21a to 21c. The circuits 18a to 18c change the characteristics according to the magnitude of the signal level, in a manner opposite to the characteristic change in the frequency characteristic change circuits 12a to 12c as shown by curves Ma, Mb and Mc in FIG. llc.

The signals which have passed through the frequency characteristic change circuits 18a to 18c are separately supplied to fixed frequency characteristic change circuits 19a, 19b and 190. The frequency characteristic change circuits 19a to 19c respectively have, as the frequency characteristic change circuit 19 in the first embodiment, specific frequency-response characteristics Na, Nb and Nc shown in FIG. 11D which are complimentary with the characteristics of the frequency characteristic change circuits 11a to 11c. Characteristics Na, Nb, Nc decrease response in the frequency band which is their respective object of control. The signals which have been expanded and restored to the original signals through the circuits 19a to 19c are combined together and obtained from an output terminal 20.

The control circuits 14a to 14c on the compressor side respectively include, as does the control circuit 14 in the first embodiment, filters 15a to 15c, amplifiers 16a to 16c and rectifying and smoothing circuits 17a to 17c. The filters 15a, 15b and 15c are a high-pass filter, a band-pass filter and a low-pass filter respectively. The control circuits 21a to 21c on the expandor side respectively include, as does the control circuit 21 in the first embodiment, filters 22a to 22c, amplifiers 23a to 23c and rectifying and smoothing circuits 24a to 24c. The filters 22a, 22b and 22c are a high-pass filter, a bandpass filter and a low-pass filter respectively.

As described in the foregoing, the control circuits 14a to and 21a to 21c are respectively provided with the filters 15a to 15c and 22a to 22c which pass a signal within a frequency band which is the object of control. Accordingly, a control signal voltage, composed only of a signal component within the frequency band which is the object of control, is applied to each control element in the frequency characteristic change circuits 12a to 12c and 18a to 180. Therefore, compression and expansion operations are respectively made in each pair of the frequency characteristic change circuits 12a and 18a, 12b and 18b and 12c and 18c within their respective frequency band. These operations are the object of control with respect to the same signal throughout the pair of circuits. Hence, according to the system of the present embodiment, an output signal which is entirely the same as an input signal can be obtained after the compression and expansion operations.

Each embodiment of electrical circuits of the frequency characteristic change circuits 11a to 11c is shown in FIGS. 12A (a) to (c). In the circuit 11a, a capacitor 33a and a resistor 34a are connected in parallel with a resistor 31a, and to the emitter of a transistor 30a. In the circuit 11b, a capacitor 33b, a coil 32b and a resistor 34b are connected in parallel with a resistor 31b, and to the emitter of a transistor 30b. In the circuit 11c, a coil 32c and a resistor 34c are connected in parallel with a resistor 31c, and to the emitter of a transistor 30c.

Each embodiment of electrical circuits having the frequency characteristic change circuits 12a to 12c is shown in FIGS. 128 (a) to (c). In the circuit 12a, a capacitor 37a is connected to the drain of a FET 38a. Similarly, in the circuit 12b, a coil 36b and a capacitor 37b are connected to the drain ofa FET 38b. In the circuit 12c, a coil 36c is connected to the drain of a FET 38c. Each embodiment of the electrical circuits of the frequency characteristic change circuits 18a to is shown in FIGS. 12C (a) to (c). In the circuit 18a, capacitors 42a and 80a are connected between the drain ofa FET 43a and the emitter of a transistor 39a. In the circuit 18b, capacitors 42b and 80b are connected between the drain of a FET 43b and the emitter of a transistor 39b. In the circuit 180, a coil 41c and a capacitor 80c are connected between the drain of a FET 43c and the emitter of a transistor 390.

Each embodiment of the electrical circuits of the frequency characteristic change circuits 19a to 19c is shown in FIGS. 12D (a) to (c). Between an output line and ground are connected a capacitor 46a and a resistor 47a in the circuit 190, capacitor 46b, a coil 45b and a resistor 47b in the circuit 19b, and a coil 45c and a resistor 47c in the circuit respectively. 

1. A compression system comprising first frequency characteristic change means having a specific fixed frequencyresponse characteristic which increases the level of an input signal in a predetermined frequency band, second frequency characteristic change means in a series connection with said first frequency characteristic change means and having a variable frequency-response characteristic which varies between a characteristic complementary with the frequency-response characteristic of said first frequency characteristic change means and a flat characteristic, control means for generating a control signal in accordance with the level of the input signal, means for supplying the control signal to said second frequency characteristic change means for controlling the characteristic of said second frequency characteristic change means, and means whereby said change approaches said complementary characteristic as said level of the input signal becomes larger and approaches said flat characteristic as said level of the input signal becomes smaller.
 2. The compression system as defined in claim 1 in which said control means comprises filter means for filtering a signal of said predetermined fRequency band in the input signal, and signal level detection means for detecting the level of the signal filtered by said filter means and thereby generating said control signal.
 3. THe compression system as defined in claim 1 in which said first frequency characteristic change means has fixed frequency-response characteristics which increase the level of the input signal in a plurality of different predetermined frequency bands, and said second frequency characteristic change means has variable frequency-response characteristics which vary between characteristics, each of said characteristics being complementary with each corresponding frequency-response characteristic of said first frequency characteristic change means for said plurality of frequency bands and a flat characteristic.
 4. The compression system as defined in claim 1 in which said first frequency characteristic change means comprises a plurality of fixed frequency characteristic change means which respectively have fixed frequency-response characteristics which increase the level of the input signal in different predetermined frequency bands, said second frequency characteristic change means comprises a plurality of variable frequency characteristic change means having variable frequency-response characteristics which vary between characteristics each of which is complementary with the frequency-response characteristic of the corresponding fixed frequency characteristic change means and a flat characteristic, and said control means comprises a plurality of control circuit means which apply a control signal to each corresponding variable frequency characteristic change means in accordance with the level of the signal in each corresponding predetermined frequency band.
 5. The compression system as defined in claim 1 in which said first frequency characteristic change means comprises a single fixed frequency characteristic change means which has a fixed frequency-response characteristic which increases the level of the input signal in a plurality of different predetermined frequency bands, said second frequency characteristic change means comprises a plurality of variable frequency characteristic change means having variable frequency-response characteristics which vary between characteristics each of which is complimentary with each corresponding frequency-response characteristic of said fixed frequency characteristic change means and a flat characteristic, and said control means comprises a plurality of control circuit means which apply a control signal to each corresponding variable frequency characteristic change means in accordance with the level of the signal in each corresponding predetermined frequency band.
 6. An expansion system for expanding the signal compressed by the compression system as defined in claim 1, said expansion system comprising third frequency characteristic change means having a specific fixed frequency-response characteristic which are complementary with said characteristic of said first frequency characteristic change means which decreases the level of the signal in said predetermined frequency band, fourth frequency characteristic change means connected in a series relationship with said third frequency characteristic change means and having a variable frequency-response characteristic which varies between a characteristic which is complementary with the frequency-response characteristic of said third frequency characteristic change means and a flat characteristic, and second control means for generating a control signal in accordance with the level of the signal, means for supplying the control signal to said fourth frequency characteristic change means for controlling the characteristic of said fourth frequency characteristic change means so that it approaches said complementary characteristic as said level of the signal becomes larger and approaches said flat characteristic as said level of the signal becomes smaller.
 7. The expansion system as defined in claim 6 In which said second control means comprises filter means for filtering a signal of said predetermined frequency band in the input signal to said means and signal level detection means for detecting the level of the signal filtered by said filter means and thereby generating said control signal.
 8. An expansion system for expanding the signal compressed by the compression system as defined in claim 3, said expansion system comprising third frequency characteristic change means having a fixed frequency-response characteristic respectively complementary with the corresponding characteristics in a plurality of mutually different predetermined frequency bands of said first frequency characteristic change means which decrease the level of the signal in said predetermined frequency band, fourth frequency characteristic change means connected in a series relation with said third frequency characteristic change means and having a variable frequency-response characteristic which varies between characteristic limits, each of said limits being complementary with the frequency-response characteristic in the corresponding frequency band of said third frequency characteristic change means and a flat characteristic, and second control means for generating a control signal in accordance with the level of the signal, means for supplying the control signal to said fourth frequency characteristic change means and controlling the characteristic of said fourth characteristic change means so that it approaches said complementary characteristic as said level of the signal becomes larger and approaches said flat characteristic as said level of the signal becomes smaller.
 9. The expansion system as defined in claim 8 in which said fourth frequency characteristic change means comprises a plurality of variable frequency characteristic change means each having variable frequency-response characteristics which vary between characteristic limits each of which is complementary with the frequency-response characteristic in the corresponding frequency band of said fixed frequency characteristic change means and a flat characteristic, and said control means comprises a plurality of control circuit means each of which applies a control signal to each corresponding variable frequency characteristic change means in accordance with the level of the signal in each corresponding predetermined frequency band.
 10. The expansion system as defined in claim 9 in which each of said control circuit means comprises filter means having a passing band different from each other, and signal level detection means for detecting the level of the signal filtered by said respective filter means and thereby generating said control signal.
 11. The expansion system as defined in claim 9 in which said third frequency characteristic change means comprises a plurality of fixed frequency characteristic change means which respectively have fixed frequency-response characteristics which decrease the level of the input signal in different predetermined frequency bands.
 12. The expansion system as defined in claim 9 in which said third frequency characteristic change means comprises a single fixed frequency characteristic change means which has a fixed frequncy-response characteristic which decreases the level of the input signal in different predetermined frequency bands.
 13. A compression circuit comprising first frequency characteristic change circuit means having a specific fixed frequency-response characteristic which increases the level of an input signal in a predetermined frequency band, second frequency characteristic change circuit means in series connection with said first frequency characteristic change circuit means, said second circuit means having a variable frequency-response characteristic which varies between a characteristic complementary with the frequency-response characteristic of said first frequency characteristic change circuit means and a flat characteristic, control circuit means for generating a Control signal in accordance with the level of the input signal, and means for supplying the control signal to said second frequency characteristic change circuit means, said control signal controlling the characteristic of said second frequency characteristic change circuit means so that said characteristics approach said complementary characteristic as said level of the input signal becomes larger and approaches said flat characteristic as said level of the input signal becomes smaller.
 14. The compression circuit as defined in claim 13 in which said control circuit means comprises a filter means for filtering a signal of said predetermined frequency band in the input signal, and signal level detection circuit means for detecting the level of the signal filtered by said filter and thereby generating said control signal.
 15. The compression circuit as defined in claim 13 which further comprises a transistor the emitter of which is grounded through an emitter resistor, and in which said first frequency characteristic change circuit means includes a series circuit of a capacitor and a resistor connected in parallel with said emitter resistor, and said second frequency characteristic change circuit means includes a capacitor and a control element connected in series with each other between the collector of said transistor and the ground, said control element varying its impedance responsive to an application thereto of the control signal voltage from said control circuit.
 16. The compression circuit as defined in claim 13 in which said first frequency characteristic change circuit means comprises a plurality of fixed frequency characteristic change circuit means which respectively have fixed frequency-response characteristics which increase the level of the input signal in different predetermined frequency bands, said second frequency characteristic change circuit means comprises a plurality of variable frequency characteristic change circuit means respectively having variable frequency-response characteristics which vary between characteristics, each of which is complementary with the frequency-response characteristic of the corresponding fixed frequency characteristic change circuit and a flat characteristic, said control circuit means comprises a plurality of control circuit means, each of which generates a control signal voltage in accordance with the level of the signal in each corresponding predetermined frequency band, and said each variable frequency characteristic change circuit means includes a control element which varies its impedance responsive to an application thereto of the control signal voltage from the corresponding control circuit.
 17. The compression circuit as defined in claim 13 in which said first frequency characteristic change circuit means comprises a single fixed frequency characteristic change circuit means which has a fixed frequency-response characteristic which increases the level of the input signal in a plurality of different predetermined frequency bands, said second frequency characteristic change circuit means comprises a plurality of variable frequency characteristic change circuit means respectively having variable frequency-response characteristics which vary between characteristics each of which is complementary with the frequency-response characteristic of the corresponding frequency band of said fixed frequency characteristic change circuit means and a flat characteristic, and said each variable frequency characteristic change circuit means includes a control element which varies its impedance in response to an application thereto of the control signal voltage from the corresponding control circuit.
 18. An expansion circuit for expanding the signal compressed by the compression circuit as defined in claim 6, said expansion circuit comprising a third frequency characteristic change circuit means having a specific fixed frequency-response characteristic which is complementary with said characteristic of said first Frequency characteristic change means which decreases the level of the signal in said predetermined frequency band, a fourth frequency characteristic change circuit means connected in a series relation with said third frequency characteristic change circuit and having a variable frequency-response characteristic which varies between a characteristic which is complementary with the frequency-response characteristic of said third frequency characteristic change circuit and a flat characteristic, and a second control circuit means for generating a control signal in accordance with the level of the input signal, supplying the control signal to said fourth frequency characteristic change circuit means and controlling the characteristic of said fourth frequency characteristic change circuit means so that it approaches said complementary characteristic as said level of the signal becomes larger and approaches said flat characteristic as said level of the signal becomes smaller.
 19. The expansion circuit as defined in claim 18 in which said second control circuit comprises a filter for filtering a signal of said predetermined frequency band in the input signal to said circuit and a signal level detection circuit for detecting the level of the signal filtered by said filter and thereby generating said control signal.
 20. The expansion circuit as defined in claim 18 which further comprises a transistor the emitter of which is grounded through an emitter resistor, and in which said third frequency characteristic change circuit means includes a capacitor and a resistor connected in series between the collector of said transistor and the ground, said fourth frequency characteristic change circuit means includes a series circuit of a capacitor and a control element which varies its impedance by an application thereto of the control signal voltage from said second control circuit, said series circuit being connected in parallel with said emitter resistor of said transistor.
 21. An expansion circuit for expanding the signal compressed by the compressing circuit as defined in claim 13, said expansion circuit comprising a third frequency characteristic change circuit means having fixed frequency-response characteristics respectively complementary with the corresponding characteristics in a plurality of mutually different predetermined frequency bands of said first frequency characteristic change circuit means which decreases the level of the signal in said predetermined frequency band, a fourth frequency characteristic change circuit means connected in a series relation with said third frequency characteristic change circuit means and having variable frequency-response characteristics which vary between characteristic limits each of which is complementary with the frequency-response characteristic in the corresponding frequency band of said third frequency characteristic change circuit means and a flat characteristic, and a second control circuit means for generating a control signal in accordance with the level of the signal, means for supplying the control signal to said fourth frequency characteristic change circuit means for controlling the characteristic of said fourth frequency characteristic change circuit so that it approaches said complementary characteristic as said level of the signal becomes larger and approaches said flat characteristic as said level of the signal becomes smaller.
 22. The expansion circuit as defined in claim 21 in which said third frequency characteristic change circuit means comprised a plurality of fixed frequency characteristic change circuits which respectively have fixed frequency-response characteristics which decrease the level of the input signal in different predetermined frequency bands.
 23. The expansion circuit as defined in claim 21 in which said third frequency characteristic change circuit means comprises a single fixed frequency characteristic change circuit means which has a fixed frequency-response characteristic which decreases The level of the input signal in different predetermined frequency bands.
 24. The expansion circuit as defined in claim 21 in which said fourth frequency characteristic change circuit means comprises a plurality of variable frequency characteristic change circuit means, each having variable frequency-response characteristics which vary between characteristic limits each of which is complementary with the frequency-response characteristic in the corresponding frequency band of said third frequency characteristic change circuit means and a flat characteristic, said control circuit means comprising a plurality of control circuits each of which generates a control signal voltage in accordance with the level of signal in the corresponding predetermined frequency band, and each of said plurality of variable frequency characteristic change circuit means includes a control element which varies its impedance by an application thereto of the control voltage from the corresponding control circuit of said plurality of control circuits.
 25. The expansion circuit as defined in claim 24 in which each of said control circuits comprises a filter having a passing band different from each other and a signal level detector for detecting the level of the signal filtered by said filter and thereby generating said control signal.
 26. A compression and expansion system comprising first frequency characteristic change means having a specific fixed frequency-response characteristic which increases the level of an input signal in a predetermined frequency band, second frequency characteristic change means connected in a series relation with said first frequency characteristic change means and having a variable frequency-response characteristic which varies between a characteristic which is complementary with the frequency-response characteristic of said first frequency characteristic change means and a flat characteristic, first control means for generating a control signal in accordance with the level of the input signal, means for supplying the control signal to said second frequency characteristic change means for cntrolling the characteristic of said second frequency characteristic change means so that it approaches said complementary characteristic as said level of the input signal becomes larger and approaches said flat characteristic as said level of the input signal becomes smaller, transmission system means for transmitting the signal compressed in said first and second frequency characteristic change means, third frequency characteristic change means having a specific fixed frequency-response characteristic complementary with said characteristic of said first frequency characteristic change means, said complementary characteristic decreasing the level of the signal transmitted through said transmission system means in said predetermined frequency band, fourth frequency characteristic change means connected in a series relationship with said third frequency characteristic change means and having a variable frequency-response characteristic which varies between a characteristic complementary with the frequency-response characteristic of said third frequency characteristic change means and a flat characteristic, and second control means for generating a control signal in accordance with the level of the signal, means for supplying the control signal to said fourth frequency characteristic change means for controlling the characteristic of said fourth frequency characteristic change means so that it approaches said complementary characteristic as said level of the signal becomes larger and approaches said flat characteristic as said level of the signal becomes smaller.
 27. A compression and expansion system comprising compression means for independently varying the level of an electrical signal in each of a plurality of predetermined frequency bands, said compression means varying the level of said electrical signal to compress said signal in a fixed frequency-response relationship, Expansion means for variably changing the level of said compressed electrical signal in each of said frequency bands in a manner which is complementary to the varying by said compression means, and means whereby the magnitude of the variance by said expansion means becomes larger as the level of the electrical signal becomes larger and becomes smaller as the level of the electrical signal becomes smaller. 